Further Reading and Standards

Owned by IMPETUS Consortium
Jan 08, 2023
5 min read

This page includes further references and standards that are related to privacy issues and ethical considerations in urban spaces.

 

  • EU Rolling plan for ICT standardisation

The latest EU Rolling Plan provides an overview of the needs for ICT standardisation activities to be undertaken in support of EU policy activities (https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/rolling-plan-ict-standardisation/rolling-plan-2022 )

 

  • Ethics References

  1. The ICT for Peace foundations conducted a review of main commercial actors that are using information and communications technologies (ICTs) in the provision of private security services.

  2. The UK roadmap and vision on AI assurance and transparency 

  3. The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (“The IEEE
    Global Initiative”) is that Ethically Aligned Design will provide pragmatic and directional insights and
    recommendations, serving as a key reference for the work of technologists, educators and policymakers
    in the coming years.

 

  • Data privacy standards, guidelines and reports

  1. ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27701 covers management of risks related to Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and aids compliance with GDPR regulations. 

  2. ENISA Data Privacy and Data Protection by Design report contributes to bridging the gap between the legal framework and the available technological implementation measures by providing an inventory of existing approaches, privacy design strategies, and technical building blocks of various degrees of maturity from research and development.

  3. ENISA Data Protection Engineering report presents existing (security) technologies and techniques and discusses possible strengths and applicability in relation to meeting data protection principles as set out in Article 5 GDPR.

  4. The Guidelines published by The European Data Protection Board give general guidance on the obligation of Data Protection by Design and by Default set forth in Article 25 in the GDPR.

 

  • Suggested further reading lists

AccessNow. One Year Under the EU GDPR, An Implementation Progress Report: State of play, analysis, and recommendations. AccessNow.org, 2019

Artificial Intelligence Committee, AI in the UK: ready, willing and able? Report of Session 2017-19 - published 16 April 2017 - HL Paper 100

Asilomar AI Principles (2017). Principles developed in conjunction with the 2017 Asilomar conference.

Association for Computing Machinery (2018). ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: Affirming our obligation to use our skills to benefit society.

Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A.C., Srikumar, M. (2020). Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-based Approaches to Principles for AI. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. Research Publication No. 2020-1

Boehm, F. (2012). Information Sharing and Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Towards Harmonised Data Protection Principles for Information Exchange at EU-level. Berlin: Springer-Verlag

Brundage, M. and others (2018). The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention and Mitigation. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Center for a New American Security, Electronic Frontier Foundation, OpenAI.

Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (2018). The Federal Governments key questions to the Data Ethics Commission. 5 June 2018

Cate, F.H., Dempsey, J.X. (eds.) (2017). Bulk Collection: Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Clever, S., Crago, T., Polka, A., Al-Jaroodi, J., Mohamed, N. (2018). Ethical Analyses of Smart City Applications. Urban Sci. 2018, 2, 96

Coastal Urban Development through the Lenses of Resiliency (CUTLER) (2018). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 770469

Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI Ethics. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Corea, F. (2019). An Introduction to Data: Everything You Need to Know about AI, Big Data and Data Sciences. Cham: Springer Nature.

Van Eck, G.J.R. (2018). Emergency calls with a photo attached: The effects of urging citizens to use their smartphones for surveillance. In: Newell, B.C., Timan, T., Koops, B.-J. (eds) (2018) Surveillance, Privacy and Public Space. Routledge Publishing, 2018

Empowering privacy and security in Non-Trusted Environments (WITDOM) (2017). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (H2020-ICT-2014-1) under grant agreement No. 64437.

Ethics Advisory Group 2018 Report, Towards a digital ethics, available at: https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/18-01-25_eag_report_en.pdf (12th January 2021)

Evas, Tatjana. European framework on ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies: European added value assessment. European Parliament: European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 654.179, 2020

Feldstein, S. (2019). The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Ferguson, A. G. (2017). The Rise of Big Data Policing: Surveillance, Race, and the Future of Law Enforcement. New York: New York University Press.

Floridi, L. et al., AI4People’s Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds and Machines (2018) 28:689–707.

Harmonized Evaluation, Certification and Testing of Security products (HECTOS). Project funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework ProgrammeFP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement No 606861, 2015

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2019). Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. First Edition.

Leslie, D. (2019). Understanding artificial intelligence ethics safety: A guide for the responsible design and implementation systems in the public sector. The Alan Turing Institute.

Lorenz, P. (2020). AI Governance through Political Fora and Standards Developing Organizations: Mapping the actors relevant to AI governance. Berlin: Stiftung Neue Verantwortung

Menzer, S., Rubba, C., Meißner, P., Nyhuis, D. (2015). Automated Data Collection with R: A Practical Guide to Web Scraping and Text Mining. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Milaj, J., van Eck, G.J.R. (2019). Capturing license plates: police-citizen interaction apps from an EU data protection perspective. International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 25 March 2019

OECD (2019). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD/LEGAL/0449

OECD (2020). The Impact of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Insurance Sector, available at:  http://www.oecd.org/finance/Impact-Big-Data-AI-in-the-Insurance-Sector.htm

Office of Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness, City of New Orleans, available at: https://www.nola.gov/homeland-security/real-time-crime-center/ (12th January 2021)

Purtova, N. (2018). Between GDPR and the Police Directive: Navigating through the Maze of Information Sharing in Public-Private Partnerships. International Data Privacy Law (2018)

Safe Data-Enabled Economic Development Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Safe-DEED), Grant Agreement No. 825225

Shaping the ethical dimensions of smart information systems (SIS) – a European perspective (SHERPA) (2018). his project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Under Grant Agreement no. 786641

von Silva, B., Larsen, T. (2011). Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV Surveillance. Portland: Hart Publishing.

Timmermans, H. (ed.) (2009). Pedestrian Behavior: Models, Data Collection and Applications. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Vogiatzaki, M., Zerefos, S., Tania, M.H. (2020). Enhancing City Sustainability through Smart Technologies: A Framework for Automatic Pre-Emptive Action to Promote Safety and Security Using Lighting and ICT-Based Surveillance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6142.

Voigt, Paul, von dem Bussche, Axel. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Practical Guide. Springer. Cham: International Publishing, 2017

Young, M., Katell, M., Krafft, P.M. (2019). Municipal surveillance regulation and algorithmic accountability. Big Data & Society, July-December 2019: 1-14.

Zwitter, A. (2014). Big Data Ethics. Big Data & Society. July-December 2014; 1-6